The 4th century BCE saw the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenistic culture.

• Major Events
  1. Conquests of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE)
  2. Formation of Hellenistic kingdoms
• Major Empires
  1. Macedonian Empire
  2. Ptolemaic Egypt
• Major Conflicts
  1. Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)
  2. Diadochi Wars begin
• Population Trends
  1. Urban centers flourish under Hellenistic influence
• Key Leaders
  1. Alexander the Great
  2. Philip II of Macedon
• Key Intellectuals
  1. Aristotle (Philosophy)
• Major Religions
  1. Greek Polytheism
• Currency
  1. Drachma and Tetradrachm (Greek)