The 2nd century BCE witnessed the consolidation of the Roman Republic and expansion of Hellenistic kingdoms.
- Major Events
- Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
- Rise of Roman provinces in Mediterranean
- Major Empires
- Roman Republic
- Ptolemaic Egypt
- Seleucid Empire
- Major Conflicts
- Second Punic War (218–201 BCE)
- Seleucid-Mauryan conflicts
- Population Trends
- Urban growth in Rome and Alexandria
- Key Leaders
- Scipio Africanus
- Ptolemy V
- Key Intellectuals
- Hipparchus (Astronomy/Mathematics)
- Major Religions
- Greek Polytheism, Roman Religion, Buddhism in India
- Currency
- Roman Denarius, Greek Drachma