The 1st century BCE saw the rise of the Roman Empire and major political upheavals across the Mediterranean.

• Major Events
  1. Julius Caesar's rise and assassination (44 BCE)
  2. End of Roman Republic, start of Roman Empire
• Major Empires
  1. Roman Republic → Roman Empire
  2. Parthian Empire
• Major Conflicts
  1. Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE)
  2. Roman Civil Wars
• Population Trends
  1. Urbanization in Rome, Alexandria, Antioch
• Key Leaders
  1. Julius Caesar
  2. Pompey
  3. Mark Antony
• Key Intellectuals
  1. Cicero (Philosophy/Politics)
• Major Religions
  1. Roman Religion, Hellenistic Polytheism, Early Judaism
• Currency
  1. Roman Denarius