Centurial Analysis

5th Century BCE

The Golden Age of Athens flourished, marked by the Peloponnesian War and the philosophical rise of Socrates.

4th Century BCE

Alexander the Great conquered vast territories, spreading Hellenistic culture across the ancient world.

3rd Century BCE

The rise of the Roman Republic and the start of the Punic Wars, alongside the flourishing of the Mauryan Empire in India.

2nd Century BCE

Rome secured dominance over the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage and Greece, absorbing Hellenistic culture.

1st Century BCE

The end of the Roman Republic, marked by figures like Julius Caesar and the establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus.

1st Century CE

The Pax Romana was established and the early foundations of Christianity began to spread throughout the Empire.

2nd Century CE

Considered the peak of the Roman Empire under the Five Good Emperors, with expansion reaching its greatest extent.

3rd Century CE

The Crisis of the Third Century brought political instability and economic turmoil to the Roman Empire.

4th Century CE

Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity and founded Constantinople, shifting the Empire's focus eastward.

5th Century CE

The Western Roman Empire collapsed due to successive waves of barbarian invasions, marking the start of the Middle Ages.

6th Century CE

Justinian I attempted to restore the Roman Empire from Constantinople and commissioned the codification of Roman law.

7th Century CE

The rise of Islam in Arabia and its rapid early expansion, fundamentally reshaping the Middle East and North Africa.

8th Century CE

The start of the Carolingian Renaissance in Europe and the consolidation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East.

9th Century CE

Increased Viking raids and invasions across Europe, along with political fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire.

10th Century CE

The foundation of the Holy Roman Empire by Otto the Great and the relative peace of the Byzantine Empire's Macedonian dynasty.

11th Century CE

The Great Schism divided Christianity into Catholic and Orthodox churches, and the First Crusade was launched.

12th Century CE

A period of intellectual revival and the beginning of the major European universities, alongside the expansion of Gothic architecture.

13th Century CE

The height of the Mongol Empire's expansion, connecting East and West through trade routes like the Silk Road.

14th Century CE

The devastating Black Death swept across Eurasia, causing massive demographic and societal collapse.

15th Century CE

The start of the European Age of Exploration, the fall of Constantinople, and the invention of the printing press.

16th Century CE

The Protestant Reformation dramatically altered the religious and political landscape of Europe and the world.

17th Century CE

The Scientific Revolution began, driven by thinkers like Galileo and Newton, challenging traditional views of the cosmos.

18th Century CE

The Age of Enlightenment led to major revolutions, including the American and French Revolutions, stressing liberty and reason.

19th Century CE

The Industrial Revolution fundamentally transformed society, labor, and technology with the rise of factories and rail transport.

20th Century CE

Defined by two World Wars, the Cold War, the advent of nuclear power, and revolutionary advancements in computing and medicine.

21st Century CE

Characterized by globalization, the rapid expansion of the internet, climate change awareness, and ongoing geopolitical shifts.